Oh, Hi There.: May 2011

Lent: My dad just challanged me. He said that I was addicted to Facebook, my phone, and television, (Which I think I am not). So to show him. I am taking what I use most and it's gone. So, for my late lent, Facebook will be gone for a long bit.

Camping: Last weekend we went camping. We took a 3.5 hour drive to Goblin Valley. Jaden Aland. Worst person to drive with. Ever.
His feet smell terrible.
So he takes them off and make everyone suffer. He will take up three seats. And make me sit on the ground.
I got sick of it. He kept bragging how he has 80 pounds over me. So, I challange him. And guess what. I beat him. Three times. I have a 100% win ratio over him. Ya. I'm a winner. So. We got there and we set up our camp. We were too lazy to set up a tent so we slept under the stars. We ate dinner. Brother Anderson went to Austerlla for his mission (That is my dream mission. I want to go there, see a kangaroo, hold a koala bear, and come back with a tight accent) He showed us what an Australian burger was. It consists of one patty, mayo, (I found out that everyone except me likes miracle whip. That stuff is the WORST. It smells like Jaden's foot. So I don't dare imagine how it tastes...) and all that stuff. Then we added beets. When I think of beets I think of Dwight. And his beet farm. And that one office episode where Jim and Pam go and stay at his hotel at his beet farm. So great. Back to the sandwich... It also had a slice of pineapple. That made it so delicious. But it gets better. Caramelized onions, and last, but not least... One fried egg. That was an amazing burger.

So. After dinner, Bishop told stories. I love that man, Bishop. He is awesome. He has good stories. Some of them seems like they couldn't be real, but he is bishop. It's gotta be real.

After story time, we went to our campspot. Outside. With no tent around us.
Brother Anderson comes up to where we were sleeping. And shows us what is in his gatoraid bottle. It was a pleasant surprise. It was a cute... baby.... dimondback rattlesnake. Yep. Poisoness. He tells us it was about 15 feet away from where we were sleeping... and that there were probably more around.
About 10 seconds later we were out of our sleeping bags and running about to camp.
But we didn't know where to sleep. So, we didn't bring an extra tent... So we slept in the van. Ya. It was the wussy way to sleep. But I didn't want to die. So it was worth it.

After that we woke up and I cooked breakfast. Like really, I make the best french toast. Ever.
Then we broke camp down and left. We went to the legit Goblin Valley place. We went boldering. That was pretty cool. I got a bit of a tan. It was 'sick'. Then we ate sandwiches, and went repelling.
Oh goodness. He showed us the cliff we will be repelling off of.

That cliff... was 125 feet tall.
That is almost 13 stories. That is HUGE!
I think I almost peed my pants. I was so scared.
But. I did it.
Well. I did it... 5 times. It was so fun after the first time.
Then we got up, prayed for a safe car ride home, and left.
Then the next 3.5 hours were the worst.
Jaden, again, is not the most fun person to drive with.
But I lived. And it was great.
The best part was when I got home, I blew my nose. My snot was red. Like deep red. That was so cool.

Testing: AP test was today. The first part was so hard. It felt like I didn't know ANYTHING! Like I forgot everything I learned. I had a bit of a panic attack, settled down, and finished the first part, mutiple choice. The second half was cake. So easy. Then the second part. The essay part.
That was so... .EASY! Everything that I studied was on there, so I knew everything. I have a feeling that I am going to pass it. Hopefully get a 5. That would be so cool.

Amazing: Two words. Taylor Swift.
She is amazing.
I love her.
I want tickets to her concert. I would love to go.
That would be so cool.
But... expensive. Way expensive.
So. New music video. (It won't let me look up a link...) I like this one.
She is very good looking. Hopefully she will randomly come to a walmart in Utah so I can meet her. That would be lovely.

Well. One can only wish.
Good luck everyone testing tomorrow. You all will do amazing.

So.

This post is going to be the most boring post. Ever.

I am going to post my study guide.

I am going to write a real post after my campout tomorrow. That post will be awesome.

I am writing this because writers notebooks are due and this will make it have enough pages and... ya. all that jazz.

So.

Here is my study guide.

Element: substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.

C, H, O, N: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, make up 96% of living matter.

Atoms: smallest unit of elements that still retain the property of the element.

Protons: positively charged particles. Determine the element.

Electrons: negatively charged particles. They determine the chemical properties of the element.

Neutrons: particles with no charge.

Atomic number: number of protons an element possesses. Unique to every element.

Mass number: sum of an element’s protons and neutrons.

Chemical bonds: interactions between the valence electrons of different atoms. Atoms held together with chemical bonds form molecules.

Covalent bonds occur when valence electrons are shared by two atoms.

Ionic bonds: two atoms attract valence electrons so unequally that the more electronegative atom steal the electrons away from the lesser. Occur because these ions will be either positively or negatively charge, attracted by others charges.

Hydrogen bonds: weak bonds that form between the positively charged hydrogen atom of one molecule and the strongly electronegative oxygen or nitrogen of another molecule.

Structure of water: made up of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen, bonded to form a molecule. Water molecules are polar. The end bearing the oxygen atom has a slightly negative charge, whereas the end bearing the hydrogen atoms has a slightly positive charge.

Hydrogen bonds: The slightly negative oxygen atom from one water is attracted to the sightly positive hydrogen end of a different molecule. Each water can have 4 hydrogen bonds at a time.

Cohesion: Linking of molecules.

Adhesion: clinging of one substance to another

Transpiration: movement of water up very thin xylem tubes and their evaporation from the stomates in plants.

Specific heat: amount of heat required to raise or lower the temp. of something one degree Celsius.

Hydrophilic substance: love water (sugar)

Hydrophobic substance: hate water (oil)

Acids: have an excess of H+ ions and a pH below 7.0

Bases: have an excess of OH- ions and a pH above 7.0

Pure water has a pH of 7.0

Buffers: minimize changes in pH.

Isomers: molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in their arrangement of these atoms.

Functional groups: attached to the carbon skeleton have diverse properties.

Polymers: long chain of molecules made of repeating subunits called Monomers.

Dehydration reaction: two monomers are joined by removing one molecule of water.

Hydrolysis: occurs when water is added to split large molecules.

Carbohydrates: simple sugars (glucose, fructose) and polymers such as starch made from subunits. All carbohydrates exist in a ration of 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen or CH2O. The two should be little…

Monosaccharides: monomers of carbohydrates

Polysaccharides: polymers of monosaccharides.

Energy storage Polysaccharides: Starch, found in plants. Glycogen, in animals.

Structural Support Polysaccharides: Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls. Chitin is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods. I also think in trees. Humans can’t digest it.

Lipids are all hydrophobic.
Fats: are made up of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules.

Fatty acids: include hydrocarbon chains of variable lengths.

Saturated fatty acids: solid at room temp. Linked to heard diseases. (butter and lard)

Unsaturated fatty acids: have carbon double bonds that result in kinks, liquid at room temp. (corn oil and olive oil)

Phospholipids: make up cell membranes.

Proteins: polymers made up of amino acid monomers.

Amino acids: central carbons bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group.

Peptide bonds: link amino acids, formed my dehydration synthesis.

There are four levels of protein structure.

Primary structure: unique sequence in which amino acids are joined. (alpha helix is a coiled shape. Beta pleated sheet is an accordion shape)

Tertiary structure: results in a complex globular shape, due to interaction between r-groups.

Quaternary structure: two or more polypeptide chains into one large protein.

Denaturation: occurs when a protein is denatured when it loses its shape and ability to function due to heat or a change in pH

DNA and RNA: two nucleic acids.

DNA: molecule of heredity. Double stranded helix. has adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine

RNA: single stranded. has adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.

Prokaryotic Cells: have a plasma membrane, cytosol with organelles, ribosomes, no nucleus, are 1-10 um. and doesn’t have internal membranes.

Eukaryotic Cells: have a plasma membrane, cytosol with organelles, ribosomes, nucleus, are 10-100 um and have internal membranes.

Prokaryotic cells include the domains bacteria and archaea. Eukaryotic cells belong to the domain Eukarya and include animals, fungi, plants, and protists.

Prokaryotes key details to remember are: chromosomes are grouped together in a region called the nucleoid, but there is no nuclear membrane and therefore no true nucleus. No membrane-bounded organelles are found in the cryosol. They are much smaller than eukaryotes.

Eukaryotic key details to remember are: a membrane-enclosed nucleus contains the cell’s chromosomes. Many membrane-bounded organelles are found in the cytoplams. On average, eukaryotes are much larger than prokaryotes.

Plasma membrane: forms the boundary for a cell; selectively permits the passage of materials into and out of the cell.

Ribosomes: sites of protein synthesis in the cell.

Endoplasmic reticulum: makes up more than half the total membrane structure in many cells. Smooth ER has three primary functions: synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs and poison. Rough ER transports…. stuff.

Mitochondria: Cellular respiration takes place here, ATP is created.

Flagella: usually long and few in numbers. many unicellular eukaryotic organisms are propelled through the water.

Cilia: shorter and more numerous. Used in locomotion.

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable.

Phospholipids in the membrane provides a hydrophobic barrier that separates the cell from its liquid environment.

Isotonic solution: there will be no net movement of water across the plasma membrane.

Hypertonic solution: the cell will lose water to its surroundings.

Hypotonic solution: the cell will gain water. Water will enter the cell faster.

Active transport: substances are moved against their concentration gradient.

ATP is the main source of energy in the body.

Catalysts: substances that c an change the rate of reaction without being altered.

Enzymes: are macromolecules that are biological catalysts. Enzymes change in pH and temp.

Transduction: the conversion of the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response.

Cell cycle: is the life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own devision into two cells.

Human gametes: sperm and egg cells, are haploid.

Mitosis is the devision of the cell’s nucleus.

Oxidation: the loss of one or more electrons.

Citric acid cycle: the job of breaking down glucose is completed with CO2 released.

Alcohol fermentation: pyruvate is converted to ethanol.

Lactic acid fermentation: pyruvate is reduced by NADH and lactate is formed.

Chloroplast are organelles that are mostly located in the cells that make up the mesophyll tissue in the interior of the leaf.

Light reaction occurs in the thylakoid where solar energy is converted to chemical energy. Net products are NADPH, ATP and oxygen.

Pigments are substances that absorb different wavelengths of light.

Calvin cycle: Page 87, memorize it, makes ATP and glucose.

Photorespiration: drains away as much as 50% of the carbon fixed by in the calvin cycle

Genes: segments of DNA that code for the basic unit of heredity and are transmitted from one generation to another.

Locus: location of a gene on a chromosome.

Asexual reproduction: Single parent is the sole parent. Provides the sperm and egg.

Sexual Reproduction: two parents contribute genes to the offspring. Sperm and egg.

Somatic cells: any cells in the body that are not gemetes. Each one has 46 chromosomes in a human.

Gemetes: sperm and ova (eggs) are haploid cells. Haploid cells contain half the number of chromosomes. Sex cells.

Fertilization: combination of sperm and egg

Meiosis: type of cell division that reduces the number of sets of chromosomes from two to one.

Phenotype: an organism’s expressed physical traits.

Genotype: an organism’s genetic makeup.

Sex-linked gene: gene located on the sex chromosomes X and Y.

James Watson and Francis Crick: first to solve the puzzle of the structure of DNA.

Transcription: synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template. It takes place in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

Messenger RNA or mRNA: produced during transcription. IT carries that genetic message of DNA to the protein making machinery.

Translation: production of a polypeptide chain are written as a series of three nucleotide groups; called triplet code.

tRNA: transfer amino acids from a pool of amino acids to ribosome.

Zygote undergoes: cell division, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis.

Capsid: a protein shell that surrounds the genet material.

Bacteriophages: viruses that infect bacterial cells.

Lytic cycle: ends in the death of the host cell by rupturing it. In this cycle, a bacteriophage injects its DNA into a host cell and takes over the host cell’s machinery to synthesize new copies of the viral DNA, then breaks out and goes to other cells.

Lysogenic cycle: bacteriophage’s DNA becomes incorporated into the host cell’s DNA and is replicated along with the host cell’s genome. Then chills

Retroviruses: RNA viruses that use the enzyme reverse transcriptase to transcribe DNA from an RNA template. HIV is a retrovirus.

Genetic Engineering: process of manipulating genes and gnomes.

Biotechnology: process of manipulating organisms or their components for the propose of making useful products.

Restriction enzymes: cut strands of DNA to make sticky ends, that can be stuck together.

Virus: has a protein coat surrounding it

Biogeography: the geographic distribution of species.

Mutations: the only source of new genes and new alleles.

Population: a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same are and interbreed.

Five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium:

1. No mutations

2. Random Mating

3. No natural selection

4. The population size must be extremely large

5. No gene flow

Natural Selection: Not mating just for looks. Individuals with variations that are best suited to their environment tend to produce more offspring than those with variations that are less suited.

Genetic Drift: unpredictable fluctuation in allelic frequencies. Smaller population: more chance of genetic drift.

Gene flow: population gains or loses alleles by individuals leaving or joining the population.

Speciation: process by which new species arise

Microevolution: change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation.

INDIVIDUALS DO NOT EVLOVE! ONLY POPULATIONS CAN EVOLVE!

Prokaryotes: earliest living organisms

Eukaryotes: appeared about 2.1 billion years ago

Multicellular eukaryotes: evolved about 1.2 billion years ago

Classifications: (largest to smallest) domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Remember it this way. “King Phillip climbed over the fence and got shot.” So clever. Or, “Kings play chess on fine grain sand.”

There are three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Prokaryotes can be placed in four groups

Photoautotrophs: photosynthetic

Chemoautotrophs: get energy from oxidizing inorganic substances

Phtothetertrophs: use light to make ATP but must obtain carbon from an outside source already fixed in organic compounds.

Chemohetertrophs: get both energy and carbon from organic compounds

Pathogenic: produce poisons to cause illness.

Protist: No longer a kingdom. Term used to refer to eukaryotes that are neither plants, animals, nor fungi.

Nonvascular: has no xylem or phylum tissue

Seeds: plants embryos packaged with a food supply in a protective coat.

Heterspory: production of two types of spores. Megaspores (eggs) and microspores (sperm)

Gymnosperms: plants that have a “naked” seed. Typically on cones

Angiosperms” seed plants that produce the reproductive structures called flowers and fruits.

Flower: has four parts

Stamens: male reproductive structure, producing microspores

Carpel: female reproductive structures, producing megaspores

Fruits: mature ovaries of the plant.

Monocots: have one cotyledon in the seed. (include orchids, lilies, and grasses)

Eduicots: have two cotyledon in the seed. (include roses, peas beans and oaks)

Fungi: Multicellular hertertrophs that obtain food through nutrients.

Zygote: Fertilized egg

Blastula: hollow ball of cells surrounding a cavity called the blastocoel.

Gastrula: blastula is “punched in”

Ectoderm: outer tissue layer

Endoderm: inner tissue layer

Blastopore: opening into the gastrula. Will become the mouth

No symmetry: sponges

Radial symmetry: jellyfish

Bilateral Symmetry: lobsters, humans ect.

Acoelemates: have no cavities between their alimentary canal and the outer wall of their body.

Pseudocoelomates: three tissue layers with a cavity formed from the mesoderm and endoderm

Coelomates: posses a true coelom. body cavity filled with fluid, and this space separates the animal’s digestive track from the outer wall.

Vererbrates: Have four things that form during their lifetime

Notochord: long flexible rod that appears during embryonic development. NOT A SPINAL CHORD!

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord: formed from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a hollow tube.

Pharyngeal clefts: grooves that separate a series of pouches along the sides of the pharynx. (Gills)

Tail: formed by the anus. (Butt)

Birds: have a four chambered heart and endotherms, maintains a warm constant temp.

Leaves: main photosynthetic organ in most plants

Xylem: transports water and minerals UP from the roots

Phloem: transports food from the leaves DOWN to the other parts of the plant

Companion Cells: provide for the molecular needs of the sieve-tube elements. They are connected to the sieve-tube element cells by numerous plasmodesmata.

Bulk flow: movement of water through the plant from regions of high pressure to low pressure.

Transpiration: loss of water vapor from the leaves and other parts of the plant.

Root pressure: occurs when water diffusing in from the coot cortex generates a positive pressure that forces fluid up through the xylem.

Pollination: transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma.

Double fertilization: One sperm fertilizes the egg, the other sperm combines with polar nuclei, forming a triploid giving it food.

Seed coat: protects the embryo and its food supply

There are four hormones in plants. Well… four MAIN hormones

Auxins: stimulate elongation of cells within young developing shoots. Produced in the apical mainstream. Synthetic auxins can be used as herbicides. This hormone is the biggest of them all, not size wise, but doing stuff wise. If you have a question about plant hormones and you don’t know what the heck to put and there is this as an answer, PUT IT!

Cytokinins: Stimulate cytokinesis or cell division.

Gabberellins: work in concert with auxins to stimulate stem elongation.

Abscisic acid: slows growth often acting antagonistically

Ethylene: Is a gas. It plays a role in programmed cell death. Shedding of leaves in the fall.

So. There we go.

That's what I must learn by Monday. Wish me luck.

Oh, Hi There.

Tuesday, May 24, 2011

BTW

Fruit Snacks.

Monday, May 9, 2011

Lent, Camping, Testing and Amazing

Sunday, May 8, 2011

Eww... Test

Friday, May 6, 2011

AP test... oh joy.